 Imagine
that you want to describe an experience. You want to talk about how you
perceived something – in other words, what you saw, heard, or felt.
In our report today, we will explore the grammar of perception.
Specifically, we will explore what grammar experts might call “verbs of
perception.” These are words that describe actions related to our senses
– seeing, hearing and listening, for example.
Betty Azar is an expert on English grammar. In her book Understanding
and Using English Grammar, she notes that English speakers often use
verbs of perception before two other verb forms: the simple form and the
form ending with –ing.
Similar meaning
Azar adds that the two verb forms that follow verbs of perception can
sometimes have a similar meaning.*
As an example, let us consider a line from a famous movie -- 2001: A
Space Odyssey. In the film, a computer named HAL says the following
words:
"Dave, although you took very thorough precautions in the pod against my
hearing you, I could see your lips move."
In this example, the verb see is the verb of perception. The simple form
of the verb move follows it.
Although HAL said “I could see your lips move,” it could have said, “I
could see your lips moving.” The two statements are close in meaning.
Here is another example. Imagine a police detective is investigating a
crime. The detective might ask people questions, like:
Detective: Did you see anything strange last night?
Witness: I saw a man run down the street.
Here the witness used the verb of perception see as well as the simple
form of the verb run.
But their exchange could have been somewhat different, as we hear in
this example:
Detective: Did you see anything strange last night?
Witness: I saw a man running down the street.
In this case, the –ing form of the verb comes after the verb of
perception.
The first and second exchanges with the police detective are close in
meaning.*
However, at other times, there is a clear difference in meaning when
English speakers use the –ing form after a verb of perception, as we
will find.
Difference in meaning
Sometimes English speakers use the –ing form after a verb of perception
to point out that an activity is taking place when it was perceived.
Here is an example. The following statements are about the American
actor and humorist Dave Chappelle.
1: I saw Dave Chappelle perform a new act last week.
2: When I walked into the comedy club, I saw Dave Chappelle performing a
new act.
In both statements, see is the verb of perception. In the first
statement, the verb perform appears in its simple form. In the second
statement, the verb perform appears in its –ing form.
In the first sentence, I saw Dave Chappelle perform a new act last week,
the speaker gives the idea that she listened to all of Chappelle’s new
act – from beginning to end.
In the second one, When I walked into the comedy club, I saw Dave
Chappelle performing a new act, the speaker gives the idea that she
entered the room when Chappelle was already performing. In other words,
the speaker did not see the beginning of Chappelle’s act.
Other verbs of perception - examples
In the examples we presented today, we only used the verb of perception
see. Other common verbs of perception include hear, feel, watch and
notice.
So one could say:
“Last night, I heard a strange sound come from the closet.”
Or:
“Last night, I heard a strange sound coming from the closet.”
If you wanted to point out that an action was already taking place, you
could say, for example, “When I woke up, I noticed my dog snoring loudly
next to me.”
Closing thoughts
Today we showed you how English speakers use either simple forms or –ing
forms after verbs of perception.
We showed you that sometimes the two forms have a similar meaning. At
other times, they have a clear difference. The situation can give you an
idea of the speaker’s meaning.
While this subject might seem difficult at first, you will quickly learn
it with practice.
The next time you are watching English language movies or television
shows, record examples of how the speakers use verbs of perception.
You might hear them use these verbs in regular, repeated ways. |
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